21 October 2008

Lotus Wins Award for Engine Research that Delivers 15% CO2 Reduction

Project HOTFIRE was made up of a collaboration of engine specialists from Lotus Engineering, Continental Powertrain, University College London (UCL) and Loughborough University, with funding from EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council). The project studied the potential efficiency gains of spraying fuel directly into the cylinders of a petrol-driven engine, rather than introducing a fuel/air mixture. Due to outstanding early results, the project progressed further with the delivery of a concept-car engine which has been the subject of interest from a number of large manufacturers.

Mike Kimberley, Chief Executive Officer of Group Lotus Plc said: “I am absolutely delighted that our global high technology Lotus engineering division is continually being recognised for leading the industry across a number of advanced technologies which are contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Project HOTFIRE is an excellent example of an industry and academic partnership producing world-class research for the benefit of the environment and the car buyer.”

Kimberley continued: “The most important part of the project is that the technologies developed are available and affordable and as we have already shown, can be easily implemented into next generation models to produce lower emissions.”

Geraint Castleton-White, Head of Powertrain at Lotus Engineering said: “The project studied the benefits of homogeneous, early, direct injection for a spark ignition engine, using inlet valve events to minimise throttling losses. Being able to introduce the fuel separately from the air gives you freedom with how you operate the engine, there is no fuel lost to the exhaust, so hydrocarbon emissions are reduced, and you get more efficiency from the engine. It is our dedication to research such as this that keeps Lotus Engineering at the forefront of advanced combustion technologies, which ultimately will find their way into engines of the future.”

Two single cylinder research engines were designed and constructed by Lotus Engineering, one of which was optically accessed. The in-cylinder geometry of the two engines was identical and features a close spaced direct injection system with a centrally-mounted injector architecture.

The optical version of the engine incorporated a full length fused silica quartz cylinder liner with a full view of the pent roof of the combustion chamber and a sapphire window in the piston crown. This allowed an advanced suite of laser diagnostics to measure air motion, injection characteristics, air/fuel mixing and combustion. This engine was based at Loughborough University for detailed studies of these in-cylinder phenomena.

The second engine was placed at UCL, and was updated to the same engine architecture as the optical engine, to measure emissions and fuel economy. The principle of the investigation was to use early inlet valve closing as a means of controlling the load on the engines, with a minimum amount of throttle, and so gain significant fuel savings. The emission measurements were essential, as any fuel savings could not be at the expense of the exhaust emissions from the engine.

The end application of this project is a direct injection spark ignition engine architecture that does not require stratified lean burn combustion to achieve significant, fuel economy savings of approximately 15%. This ensures that the system can be used over all speed/load ranges and eliminates the need for an expensive lean NOx trap which is usually required when lean combustion is employed.

Early results from this project were so successful that the same architecture was adopted for the Low CO2 project, a collaboration between Lotus Engineering and Continental Powertrain with funding from the Energy Saving Trust (EST). This Low CO2 project has successfully delivered a 3-cylinder mild-hybrid engine incorporating the cylinder head design used by the research and this engine has been installed in Opel Astra demonstrator vehicles which demonstrate significant improvements in both performance and CO2 emissions.